The C11 Standard [ISO/IEC 9899:2011] introduced a new term: temporary lifetime. Modifying an object with temporary lifetime is undefined behavior. According to subclause 6.2.4, paragraph 8

A non-lvalue expression with structure or union type, where the structure or union contains a member with array type (including, recursively, members of all contained structures and unions) refers to an object with automatic storage duration and temporary lifetime. Its lifetime begins when the expression is evaluated and its initial value is the value of the expression. Its lifetime ends when the evaluation of the containing full expression or full declarator ends. Any attempt to modify an object with temporary lifetime results in undefined behavior.

This definition differs from the C99 Standard (which defines modifying the result of a function call or accessing it after the next sequence point as undefined behavior) because a temporary object's lifetime ends when the evaluation containing the full expression or full declarator ends, so the result of a function call can be accessed. This extension to the lifetime of a temporary also removes a quiet change to C90 and improves compatibility with C++. 

C functions may not return arrays; however, functions can return a pointer to an array or a  struct or union that contains arrays. Consequently, in any version of C, if a function call returns by value a struct or union containing an array, do not modify those arrays within the expression containing the function call. In C99 and older, do not access an array returned by a function after the next sequence point or after the evaluation of the containing full expression or full declarator ends.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example conforms to the C11 Standard; however, it fails to conform to C99. If compiled with a C99-conforming implementation, this code has undefined behavior because the sequence point preceding the call to printf() comes between the call and the access by printf() of the string in the returned object.

#include <stdio.h>

struct X { char a[8]; };

struct X salutation(void) {
  struct X result = { "Hello" };
  return result;
}

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { "world" };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  printf("%s, %s!\n", salutation().a, addressee().a);
  return 0;
}

Compliant Solution (C11 and newer)

This compliant solution checks __STDC_VERSION__ to ensure that a pre-C11 compiler will fail to compile the code, rather than invoking undefined behavior.

#include <stdio.h>

#if __STDC_VERSION__ < 201112L
#error This code requires a compiler supporting the C11 standard or newer
#endif

struct X { char a[8]; };

struct X salutation(void) {
  struct X result = { "Hello" };
  return result;
}

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { "world" };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  printf("%s, %s!\n", salutation().a, addressee().a);
  return 0;
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution stores the structures returned by the call to addressee() before calling the printf() function. Consequently, this program conforms to both C99 and C11.

#include <stdio.h>

struct X { char a[8]; };
 
struct X salutation(void) {
  struct X result = { "Hello" };
  return result;
}

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { "world" };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  struct X my_salutation = salutation();
  struct X my_addressee = addressee();
 
  printf("%s, %s!\n", my_salutation.a, my_addressee.a);
  return 0;
}

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example attempts to retrieve an array and increment the array's first value. The array is part of a struct that is returned by a function call. Consequently, the array has temporary lifetime, and modifying the array is undefined behavior in both C99 and C11.

#include <stdio.h>

struct X { int a[6]; };

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  printf("%x", ++(addressee().a[0]));
  return 0;
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution stores the structure returned by the call to addressee() as my_x before calling the printf() function. When the array is modified, its lifetime is no longer temporary but matches the lifetime of the block in main().

#include <stdio.h>

struct X { int a[6]; };

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  struct X my_x = addressee();
  printf("%x", ++(my_x.a[0]));
  return 0;
}

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example attempts to save a pointer to an array that is part of a struct that is returned by a function call. Consequently, the array has temporary lifetime, and using the pointer to it outside of the full expression is undefined behavior in both C99 and C11.

#include <stdio.h>

struct X { int a[6]; };

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  int *my_a = addressee().a;
  printf("%x", my_a[0]);
  return 0;
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution stores the structure returned by the call to addressee() as my_x before saving a pointer to its array member. When the pointer is used, its lifetime is no longer temporary but matches the lifetime of the block in main().

#include <stdio.h>

struct X { int a[6]; };

struct X addressee(void) {
  struct X result = { { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } };
  return result;
}

int main(void) {
  struct X my_x = addressee();
  int *my_a = my_x.a;
  printf("%x", my_a[0]);
  return 0;
}

Risk Assessment

Attempting to modify an array or access it after its lifetime expires may result in erroneous program behavior.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée		temporary-object-modification	Partially checked
Axivion Bauhaus Suite		CertC-EXP35
CodeSonar		LANG.CAST.ARRAY.TEMP	Array to Pointer Conversion on Temporary Object
Helix QAC		C0450, C0455, C0459, C0464, C0465 C++3807, C++3808	Fully implemented
LDRA tool suite		642 S, 42 D, 77 D	Enhanced Enforcement
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-EXP35-a	Do not modify objects with temporary lifetime
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT-C: Rule EXP35-C	Checks for accesses on objects with temporary lifetime (rule fully covered)
Splint
RuleChecker		temporary-object-modification	Partially checked

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

Bibliography