According to the C Standard [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], the behavior of a program is undefined when

the value of errno is referred to after a signal occurred other than as the result of calling the abort or raise function and the corresponding signal handler obtained a SIG_ERR return from a call to the signal function.

See undefined behavior 133.

A signal handler is allowed to call signal(); if that fails, signal() returns SIG_ERR and sets errno to a positive value. However, if the event that caused a signal was external (not the result of the program calling abort() or raise()), the only functions the signal handler may call are _Exit() or abort(), or it may call signal() on the signal currently being handled; if signal() fails, the value of errno is indeterminate.

This rule is also a special case of SIG31-C. Do not access shared objects in signal handlers. The object designated by errno is of static storage duration and is not a volatile sig_atomic_t. As a result, performing any action that would require errno to be set would normally cause undefined behavior. The C Standard, 7.14.1.1, paragraph 5, makes a special exception for errno in this case, allowing errno to take on an indeterminate value but specifying that there is no other undefined behavior. This special exception makes it possible to call signal() from within a signal handler without risking undefined behavior, but the handler, and any code executed after the handler returns, must not depend on the value of errno being meaningful.

Noncompliant Code Example

The handler() function in this noncompliant code example attempts to restore default handling for the signal indicated by signum. If the request to set the signal to default can be honored, the signal() function returns the value of the signal handler for the most recent successful call to the signal() function for the specified signal. Otherwise, a value of SIG_ERR is returned and a positive value is stored in errno. Unfortunately, the value of errno is indeterminate because the handler() function is called when an external signal is raised, so any attempt to read errno (for example, by the perror() function) is undefined behavior:

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

typedef void (*pfv)(int);

void handler(int signum) {
  pfv old_handler = signal(signum, SIG_DFL);
  if (old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
    perror("SIGINT handler"); /* Undefined behavior */
    /* Handle error */
  }
}

int main(void) {
  pfv old_handler = signal(SIGINT, handler);
  if (old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
    perror("SIGINT handler");
    /* Handle error */
  }

  /* Main code loop */

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

The call to perror() from handler() also violates SIG30-C. Call only asynchronous-safe functions within signal handlers.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution does not reference errno and does not return from the signal handler if the signal() call fails:

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

typedef void (*pfv)(int);

void handler(int signum) {
  pfv old_handler = signal(signum, SIG_DFL);
  if (old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
    abort();
  }
}

int main(void) {
  pfv old_handler = signal(SIGINT, handler);
  if (old_handler == SIG_ERR) {
    perror("SIGINT handler");
    /* Handle error */
  }

  /* Main code loop */

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Noncompliant Code Example (POSIX)

POSIX is less restrictive than C about what applications can do in signal handlers. It has a long list of asynchronous-safe functions that can be called. (See SIG30-C. Call only asynchronous-safe functions within signal handlers.) Many of these functions set errno on error, which can lead to a signal handler being executed between a call to a failed function and the subsequent inspection of errno. Consequently, the value inspected is not the one set by that function but the one set by a function call in the signal handler. POSIX applications can avoid this problem by ensuring that signal handlers containing code that might alter errno; always save the value of errno on entry and restore it before returning.

The signal handler in this noncompliant code example alters the value of errno. As a result, it can cause incorrect error handling if executed between a failed function call and the subsequent inspection of errno:

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

void reaper(int signum) {
  errno = 0;
  for (;;) {
    int rc = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
    if ((0 == rc) || (-1 == rc && EINTR != errno)) {
      break;
    }
  }
  if (ECHILD != errno) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
}

int main(void) {
  struct sigaction act;
  act.sa_handler = reaper;
  act.sa_flags = 0;
  if (sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask) != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL) != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }

  /* ... */

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Compliant Solution (POSIX)

This compliant solution saves and restores the value of errno in the signal handler:

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>

void reaper(int signum) {
  errno_t save_errno = errno;
  errno = 0;
  for (;;) {
    int rc = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
    if ((0 == rc) || (-1 == rc && EINTR != errno)) {
      break;
    }
  }
  if (ECHILD != errno) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  errno = save_errno;
}

int main(void) {
  struct sigaction act;
  act.sa_handler = reaper;
  act.sa_flags = 0;
  if (sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask) != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  if (sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL) != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }

  /* ... */

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Risk Assessment

Referencing indeterminate values of errno is undefined behavior.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Axivion Bauhaus Suite		CertC-ERR32
Compass/ROSE			Could detect violations of this rule by looking for signal handlers that themselves call signal(). A violation is reported if the call fails and the handler therefore checks errno. A violation also exists if the signal handler modifies errno without first copying its value elsewhere
Coverity		MISRA C 2012 Rule 22.8 MISRA C 2012 Rule 22.9 MISRA C 2012 Rule 22.10	Implemented
Helix QAC		C2031 DF4781, DF4782, DF4783
Klocwork		MISRA.INCL.SIGNAL.2012 MISRA.STDLIB.SIGNAL
LDRA tool suite		44 S	Enhanced enforcement
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-ERR32-a	Properly use errno value
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT C: Rule ERR32-C	Checks for misuse of errno in a signal handler (rule fully covered)

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

Bibliography