The C programming language provides the ability to use floating-point numbers for calculations. The C Standard specifies requirements on a conforming implementation for floating-point numbers but makes few guarantees about the specific underlying floating-point representation because of the existence of competing floating-point systems.

By definition, a floating-point number is of finite precision and, regardless of the underlying implementation, is prone to errors associated with rounding. (See FLP01-C. Take care in rearranging floating-point expressions and FLP02-C. Avoid using floating-point numbers when precise computation is needed.)

The most common floating-point system is specified by the IEEE 754 standard. An older floating-point system is the IBM floating-point representation (sometimes called IBM/370). Each of these systems has different precisions and ranges of representable values. As a result, they do not represent all of the same values, are not binary compatible, and have different associated error rates.

Because of a lack of guarantees on the specifics of the underlying floating-point system, no assumptions can be made about either precision or range. Even if code is not intended to be portable, the chosen compiler's behavior must be well understood at all compiler optimization levels.

Here is a simple illustration of precision limitations. The following code prints the decimal representation of 1/3 to 50 decimal places. Ideally, it would print 50 numeral 3s:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
  float f = 1.0f / 3.0f;
  printf("Float is %.50f\n", f);
  return 0;
}

On 64-bit Linux, with GCC 4.1, it produces

Float is 0.33333334326744079589843750000000000000000000000000

On 64-bit Windows, with Microsoft Visual Studio 2012, it produces

Float is 0.33333334326744080000000000000000000000000000000000

Additionally, compilers may treat floating-point variables differently under different levels of optimization [Gough 2005]:

double a = 3.0;
double b = 7.0;
double c = a / b;

if (c == a / b) {
  printf("Comparison succeeds\n");
} else {
  printf("Unexpected result\n");
}

When compiled on an IA-32 Linux machine with GCC 3.4.4 at optimization level 1 or higher, or on an IA-64 Windows machine with Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 in Debug or Release mode, this code prints

Comparison succeeds

On an IA-32 Linux machine with GCC 3.4.4 with optimization turned off, this code prints

Unexpected result

The reason for this behavior is that Linux uses the internal extended precision mode of the x87 floating-point unit (FPU) on IA-32 machines for increased accuracy during computation. When the result is stored into memory by the assignment to c, the FPU automatically rounds the result to fit into a double. The value read back from memory now compares unequally to the internal representation, which has extended precision. Windows does not use the extended precision mode, so all computation is done with double precision, and there are no differences in precision between values stored in memory and those internal to the FPU. For GCC, compiling at optimization level 1 or higher eliminates the unnecessary store into memory, so all computation happens within the FPU with extended precision [Gough 2005].

The standard constant __FLT_EPSILON__ can be used to evaluate if two floating-point values are close enough to be considered equivalent given the granularity of floating-point operations for a given implementation. __FLT_EPSILON__ represents the difference between 1 and the least value greater than 1 that is representable as a float. The granularity of a floating-point operation is determined by multiplying the operand with the larger absolute value by __FLT_EPSILON__.

#include <math.h>
float RelDif(float a, float b) {
  float c = fabsf(a);
  float d = fabsf(b);

  d = fmaxf(c, d);

  return d == 0.0f ? 0.0f : fabsf(a - b) / d;
}

/* ... */

float a = 3.0f;
float b = 7.0f;
float c = a / b;

if (RelDif(c, a / b) <= __FLT_EPSILON__) {
  puts("Comparison succeeds");
} else {
  puts("Unexpected result");
}

On all tested platforms, this code prints

Comparison succeeds

For double precision and long double precision floating-point values, use a similar approach using the __DBL_EPSILON__ and __LDBL_EPSILON__ constants, respectively.

Consider using numerical analysis to properly understand the numerical properties of the problem.

Risk Assessment

Failing to understand the limitations of floating-point numbers can result in unexpected computational results and exceptional conditions, possibly resulting in a violation of data integrity.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
ECLAIR		CC2.FLP00	Fully implemented
Helix QAC		C0275, C0581, C1490, C3339, C3340, C3341, C3342, C3362
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-FLP00-a	Floating-point expressions shall not be tested for equality or inequality
PC-lint Plus		777, 9252	Partially supported
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT C: Rec. FLP00-C	Checks for absorption of float operand (rec. partially covered)

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this recommendation on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography