Declaring function parameters const indicates that the function promises not to change these values.

In C, function arguments are passed by value rather than by reference. Although a function may change the values passed in, these changed values are discarded once the function returns. For this reason, many programmers assume a function will not change its arguments and that declaring the function's parameters as const is unnecessary.

void foo(int x) {
  x = 3; /* Visible only in the function */
  /* ... */
}

Pointers behave in a similar fashion. A function may change a pointer to reference a different object, or NULL, yet that change is discarded once the function exits. Consequently, declaring a pointer as const is unnecessary.

void foo(int *x) {
  x = NULL; /* Visible only in the function */
  /* ... */
}

Noncompliant Code Example

Unlike passed-by-value arguments and pointers, pointed-to values are a concern. A function may modify a value referenced by a pointer argument, leading to a side effect that persists even after the function exits. Modification of the pointed-to value is not diagnosed by the compiler, which assumes this behavior was intended.

void foo(int *x) {
  if (x != NULL) {
    *x = 3; /* Visible outside function */
  }
  /* ... */
}

If the function parameter is const-qualified, any attempt to modify the pointed-to value should cause the compiler to issue a diagnostic message.

void foo(const int *x) {
  if (x != NULL) {
    *x = 3; /* Compiler should generate diagnostic message */
  }
  /* ... */
}

As a result, the const violation must be resolved before the code can be compiled without a diagnostic message being issued.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution addresses the const violation by not modifying the constant argument:

void foo(const int * x) {
  if (x != NULL) {
    printf("Value is %d\n", *x);
  }
  /* ... */
}

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example defines a fictional version of the standard strcat() function called strcat_nc(). This function differs from strcat() in that the second argument is not const-qualified.

char *strcat_nc(char *s1, char *s2);

char *c_str1 = "c_str1";
const char *c_str2 = "c_str2";
char c_str3[9] = "c_str3";
const char c_str4[9] = "c_str4";

strcat_nc(c_str3, c_str2);  /* Compiler warns that c_str2 is const */
strcat_nc(c_str1, c_str3);  /* Attempts to overwrite string literal! */
strcat_nc(c_str4, c_str3);  /* Compiler warns that c_str4 is const */

The function behaves the same as strcat(), but the compiler generates warnings in incorrect locations and fails to generate them in correct locations.

In the first strcat_nc() call, the compiler generates a warning about attempting to cast away const on c_str2 because strcat_nc() does not modify its second argument yet fails to declare it const.

In the second strcat_nc() call, the compiler compiles the code with no warnings, but the resulting code will attempt to modify the "c_str1" literal. This violates STR05-C. Use pointers to const when referring to string literals and STR30-C. Do not attempt to modify string literals.

In the final strcat_nc() call, the compiler generates a warning about attempting to cast away const on c_str4, which is a valid warning.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses the prototype for the strcat() from C90. Although the restrict type qualifier did not exist in C90, const did. In general, function parameters should be declared in a manner consistent with the semantics of the function. In the case of strcat(), the initial argument can be changed by the function, but the second argument cannot.

char *strcat(char *s1, const char *s2); 

char *c_str1 = "c_str1";
const char *c_str2 = "c_str2";
char c_str3[9] = "c_str3";
const char c_str4[9] = "c_str4";

strcat(c_str3, c_str2); 

/* Args reversed to prevent overwriting string literal */ 
strcat(c_str3, c_str1);  
strcat(c_str4, c_str3);  /* Compiler warns that c_str4 is const */

The const-qualification of the second argument, s2, eliminates the spurious warning in the initial invocation but maintains the valid warning on the final invocation in which a const-qualified object is passed as the first argument (which can change). Finally, the middle strcat() invocation is now valid because c_str3 is a valid destination string and may be safely modified.

Risk Assessment

Failing to declare an unchanging value const prohibits the function from working with values already cast as const. This problem can be sidestepped by type casting away the const, but doing so violates EXP05-C. Do not cast away a const qualification.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée		parameter-missing-const	Fully checked
Axivion Bauhaus Suite		CertC-DCL13
CodeSonar		LANG.TYPE.CBCONST	Pointed-to Type Could Be const
Compass/ROSE			Can detect violations of this recommendation while checking for violations of recommendation DCL00-C. Const-qualify immutable objects
ECLAIR		CC2.DCL13	Fully implemented
Helix QAC		C0431, C3673, C3677
Klocwork		MISRA.PPARAM.NEEDS.CONST
LDRA tool suite		120 D	Fully implemented
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-DCL13-a	A pointer parameter in a function prototype should be declared as pointer to const if the pointer is not used to modify the addressed object
PC-lint Plus		111, 818	Fully supported
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT C: Rec. DCL13-C	Checks for pointer to non-const qualified function parameter (rec. fully covered)
RuleChecker		parameter-missing-const	Fully checked

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines