The C Standard, Annex K (normative), defines alternative versions of standard string-handling functions designed to be safer replacements for existing functions. For example, it defines the strcpy_s(), strcat_s(), strncpy_s(), and strncat_s() functions as replacements for strcpy(), strcat(), strncpy(), and strncat(), respectively.

The Annex K functions were created by Microsoft to help retrofit its existing legacy code base in response to numerous, well-publicized security incidents over the past decade. These functions were subsequently proposed to the international standardization working group for the programming language C (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14) for standardization.

The strcpy_s() function, for example, has this signature:

errno_t strcpy_s(
  char * restrict s1,
  rsize_t s1max,
  const char * restrict s2
);

The signature is similar to strcpy() but takes an extra argument of type rsize_t that specifies the maximum length of the destination buffer. Functions that accept parameters of type rsize_t diagnose a constraint violation if the values of those parameters are greater than RSIZE_MAX. Extremely large object sizes are frequently a sign that an object's size was calculated incorrectly. For example, negative numbers appear as very large positive numbers when converted to an unsigned type like size_t. For those reasons, it is sometimes beneficial to restrict the range of object sizes to detect errors. For machines with large address spaces, the C Standard, Annex K, recommends that RSIZE_MAX be defined as the smaller of the size of the largest object supported or (SIZE_MAX >> 1), even if this limit is smaller than the size of some legitimate, but very large, objects (see also INT01-C. Use rsize_t or size_t for all integer values representing the size of an object).

The semantics of strcpy_s() are similar to the semantics of strcpy(). When there are no input validation errors, the strcpy_s() function copies characters from a source string to a destination character array up to and including the terminating null character. The function returns 0 on success.

The strcpy_s() function succeeds only when the source string can be fully copied to the destination without overflowing the destination buffer. Specifically, the following checks are made:

• The source and destination pointers are checked to see if they are NULL.
• The maximum length of the destination buffer is checked to see if it is equal to 0, greater than RSIZE_MAX, or less than or equal to the length of the source string.
• Copying is not allowed between objects that overlap.

When a runtime-constraint violation is detected, the destination string is set to the null string (as long as it is not a null pointer, and the maximum length of the destination buffer is greater than 0 and not greater than RSIZE_MAX), and the function returns a nonzero value. In the following example, the strcpy_s() function is used to copy src1 to dst1:

char src1[100] = "hello";
char src2[8] =  {'g','o','o','d','b','y','e','\0'};
char dst1[6];
char dst2[5];
int r1;
int r2;

r1 = strcpy_s(dst1, sizeof(dst1), src1);
r2 = strcpy_s(dst2, sizeof(dst2), src2);

However, the call to copy src2 to dst2 fails because insufficient space is available to copy the entire string, which consists of eight characters, to the destination buffer. As a result, r2 is assigned a nonzero value and dst2[0] is set to the null character.

Users of the C Standard Annex K functions are less likely to introduce a security flaw because the size of the destination buffer and the maximum number of characters to append must be specified. ISO/IEC TR 24731 Part II [ISO/IEC TR 24731-2:2010] offers another approach, supplying functions that allocate enough memory for their results. ISO/IEC TR 24731 Part II functions also ensure null termination of the destination string.

The C Standard Annex K functions are still capable of overflowing a buffer if the maximum length of the destination buffer and number of characters to copy are incorrectly specified. ISO/IEC TR 24731 Part II functions can make it more difficult to keep track of memory that must be freed, leading to memory leaks. As a result, the C Standard Annex K and the ISO/IEC TR 24731 Part II functions are not particularly secure but may be useful in preventive maintenance to reduce the likelihood of vulnerabilities in an existing legacy code base.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code overflows its buffer if msg is too long, and it has undefined behavior if msg is a null pointer:

void complain(const char *msg) {
  static const char prefix[] = "Error: ";
  static const char suffix[] = "\n";
  char buf[BUFSIZ];

  strcpy(buf, prefix);
  strcat(buf, msg);
  strcat(buf, suffix);
  fputs(buf, stderr);
}

Compliant Solution (Runtime)

This compliant solution will not overflow its buffer:

void complain(const char *msg) {
  errno_t err;
  static const char prefix[] = "Error: ";
  static const char suffix[] = "\n";
  char buf[BUFSIZ];

  err = strcpy_s(buf, sizeof(buf), prefix);
  if (err != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }

  err = strcat_s(buf, sizeof(buf), msg);
  if (err != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }

  err = strcat_s(buf, sizeof(buf), suffix);
  if (err != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }

  fputs(buf, stderr);
}

Compliant Solution (Partial Compile Time)

This compliant solution performs some of the checking at compile time using a static assertion (see DCL03-C. Use a static assertion to test the value of a constant expression).

void complain(const char *msg) {
  errno_t err;
  static const char prefix[] = "Error: ";
  static const char suffix[] = "\n";
  char buf[BUFSIZ];

  /* 
   * Ensure that more than one character
   * is available for msg
   */
  static_assert(sizeof(buf) > sizeof(prefix) + sizeof(suffix),
                "Buffer for complain() is too small");
  strcpy(buf, prefix);

  err = strcat_s(buf, sizeof(buf), msg);
  if (err != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }

  err = strcat_s(buf, sizeof(buf), suffix);
  if (err != 0) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  fputs(buf, stderr);
}

Risk Assessment

String-handling functions defined in the C Standard, subclause 7.24, and elsewhere are susceptible to common programming errors that can lead to serious, exploitable vulnerabilities. Proper use of the C11 Annex K functions can eliminate most of these issues.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée			Supported
Axivion Bauhaus Suite		CertC-STR07
CodeSonar		BADFUNC.BO.OEMTOCHAR BADFUNC.BO.STRCAT BADFUNC.BO.STRCATCHAINW BADFUNC.BO.STRCHR BADFUNC.BO.STRCMP BADFUNC.BO.STRCOLL BADFUNC.BO.STRCPY BADFUNC.BO.STRCSPN BADFUNC.BO.STRLEN BADFUNC.BO.STRPBRK BADFUNC.BO.STRRCHR BADFUNC.BO.STRSPN BADFUNC.BO.STRSTR BADFUNC.BO.STRTOK BADFUNC.BO.STRTRNS	Use of OemToAnsi, use of OemToChar (both include checks for uses of similar functions) Use of strcat (includes checks for uses of similar library functions such as StrCatA(), wcscat(), etc.) Use of StrCatChainW Use of strchr Use of strcmp (includes checks for uses of similar library functions such as lstrcmp()) Use of strcoll Use of strcpy (includes checks for uses of similar library functions such as StrCCpy(), wcscpy(), etc.) Use of strcspn Use of strlen (includes checks for uses of similar library functions such as lstrlen()) Use of strpbrk Use of strrchr Use of strspn Use of strstr Use of strtok Use of strtrns
Helix QAC		C5008
LDRA tool suite		44 S	Enhanced enforcement
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_C-STR07-a	Avoid using unsafe string functions that do not check bounds
Parasoft Insure++			Runtime analysis
PC-lint Plus		586	Fully supported
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT C: Rec. STR07-C	Checks for: Use of dangerous standard function Destination buffer overflow in string manipulation Insufficient destination buffer size Rec. partially covered.
SonarQube C/C++ Plugin		S1081

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography