The C++ Standard, [expr.delete], paragraph 3 [ISO/IEC 14882-2014], states the following:

In the first alternative (delete object), if the static type of the object to be deleted is different from its dynamic type, the static type shall be a base class of the dynamic type of the object to be deleted and the static type shall have a virtual destructor or the behavior is undefined. In the second alternative (delete array) if the dynamic type of the object to be deleted differs from its static type, the behavior is undefined.

Do not delete an object of derived class type through a pointer to its base class type that has a non-virtual destructor. Instead, the base class should be defined with a virtual destructor. Deleting an object through a pointer to a type without a virtual destructor results in undefined behavior.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant example, b is a polymorphic pointer type whose static type is Base * and whose dynamic type is Derived *. When b is deleted, it results in undefined behavior because Base does not have a virtual destructor. The C++ Standard, [class.dtor], paragraph 4 [ISO/IEC 14882-2014], states the following:

If a class has no user-declared destructor, a destructor is implicitly declared as defaulted. An implicitly declared destructor is an inline public member of its class.

The implicitly declared destructor is not declared as virtual even in the presence of other virtual functions.

struct Base {
  virtual void f();
};
 
struct Derived : Base {};
 
void f() {
  Base *b = new Derived();
  // ...
  delete b;
}

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant example, the explicit pointer operations have been replaced with a smart pointer object, demonstrating that smart pointers suffer from the same problem as other pointers. Because the default deleter for std::unique_ptr calls delete on the internal pointer value, the resulting behavior is identical to the previous noncompliant example.

#include <memory>
 
struct Base {
  virtual void f();
};
 
struct Derived : Base {};
 
void f() {
  std::unique_ptr<Base> b = std::make_unique<Derived()>();
}

Compliant Solution

In this compliant solution, the destructor for Base has an explicitly declared virtual destructor, ensuring that the polymorphic delete operation results in well-defined behavior.

struct Base {
  virtual ~Base() = default;
  virtual void f();
};

struct Derived : Base {};

void f() {
  Base *b = new Derived();
  // ...
  delete b;
}

Exceptions

OOP52-CPP:EX0: Deleting a polymorphic object without a virtual destructor is permitted if the object is referenced by a pointer to its class, rather than via a pointer to a class it inherits from.

class Base {
public:
  // ...
  virtual void AddRef() = 0;
  virtual void Destroy() = 0;
};

class Derived final : public Base {
public:
  // ...
  virtual void AddRef() { /* ... */ }
  virtual void Destroy() { delete this; }
private:
  ~Derived() {}
};

Note that if Derived were not marked as final, then delete this could actually reference a subclass of Derived, violating this rule.

OOP52-CPP:EX1: Deleting a polymorphic object without a virtual destructor is permitted if its base class has a destroying operator delete that will figure out the correct derived class's destructor to call by other means.

#include <new>

class Base {
  const int whichDerived;

protected:
  Base(int whichDerived) : whichDerived(whichDerived) {}

public:
  Base() : Base(0) {}
  void operator delete(Base *, std::destroying_delete_t);
};

struct Derived1 final : Base {
  Derived1() : Base(1) {}
};

struct Derived2 final : Base {
  Derived2() : Base(2) {}
};

void Base::operator delete(Base *b, std::destroying_delete_t) {
  switch (b->whichDerived) {
  case 0:
    b->~Base();
    break;
  case 1:
    static_cast<Derived1 *>(b)->~Derived1();
    break;
  case 2:
    static_cast<Derived2 *>(b)->~Derived2();
  }
  ::operator delete(b);
}

void f() {
  Base *b = new Derived1();
  // ...
  delete b;
}

Risk Assessment

Attempting to destruct a polymorphic object that does not have a virtual destructor declared results in undefined behavior. In practice, potential consequences include abnormal program termination and memory leaks.

Automated Detection

Tool	Version	Checker	Description
Astrée		non-virtual-public-destructor-in-non-final-class	Partially checked
Axivion Bauhaus Suite		CertC++-OOP52
Clang		-Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor
CodeSonar		LANG.STRUCT.DNVD	delete with Non-Virtual Destructor
Helix QAC		C++3402, C++3403, C++3404
Klocwork		CL.MLK.VIRTUAL CWARN.DTOR.NONVIRT.DELETE
LDRA tool suite		303 S	Partially implemented
Parasoft C/C++test		CERT_CPP-OOP52-a	Define a virtual destructor in classes used as base classes which have virtual functions
Polyspace Bug Finder		CERT C++: OOP52-CPP	Checks for situations when a class has virtual functions but not a virtual destructor (rule partially covered)
PVS-Studio		V599, V689
RuleChecker		non-virtual-public-destructor-in-non-final-class	Partially checked
SonarQube C/C++ Plugin		S1235

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for other vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography