Be careful when rearranging floating-point expressions to ensure the greatest accuracy of the result.

Subclause 5.1.2.3, paragraph 14, of the C Standard [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], states:

Rearrangement for floating-point expressions is often restricted because of limitations in precision as well as range. The implementation cannot generally apply the mathematical associative rules for addition or multiplication, nor the distributive rule, because of roundoff error, even in the absence of overflow and underflow. Likewise, implementations cannot generally replace decimal constants to rearrange expressions. In the following fragment, rearrangements suggested by mathematical rules for real numbers are often not valid.

double x, y, z;
/* ... */
x = (x * y) * z; /* not equivalent to x *= y * z; */
z = (x - y) + y ; /* not equivalent to z = x; */
z = x + x * y; /* not equivalent to z = x * (1.0 + y); */
y = x / 5.0; /* not equivalent to y = x * 0.2; */

Risk Assessment

Failure to understand the limitations in precision of floating-point-represented numbers and their implications on the arrangement of expressions can cause unexpected arithmetic results.

Recommendation

Severity

Likelihood

Remediation Cost

Priority

Level

FLP01-C

Low

Probable

High

P2

L3

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this recommendation on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

[ISO/IEC 9899:2011]Subclause 5.1.2.3, "Program Execution"

 


1 Comment

  1. Another way of putting it is "Remember that flointing point is only a rough approximation to the real numbers."