The runtime behavior of integers in C is not always well-understood by programmers, leading to exploitable vulnerabilities. For example, assume the following code is compiled and executed on IA-32:
signed char sc = SCHAR_MAX; unsigned char uc = UCHAR_MAX; signed long long sll = sc + uc;
Both the signed char sc and the unsigned char uc are subject to integer promotions in this example. Because all values of the original types can be represented as int, both values are automatically converted to int as part of the integer promotions. Further conversions are possible, if the types of these variables are not equivalent as a result of the "usual arithmetic conversions". The actual addition operation in this case takes place between the two 32-bit int values. This operation is not influenced at all by the fact that the resulting value is stored in a signed long long integer. The 32-bit value resulting from the addition is simply sign-extended to 64-bits after the addition operation has concluded.
Assuming that the precision of signed char is 7 bits, and the precision of unsigned char is 8 bits, this operation is perfectly safe. However, if the compiler represents the signed and unsigned char types using 31 and 32 bit precision (respectively), the variable uc would need be converted to unsigned int instead of signed int. As a result of the usual arithmetic conversions, the signed int would then be converted to unsigned and the addition would take place between the two unsigned int values. Also, because uc is equal to UCHAR_MAX which is equal to UINT_MAX in this example, the addition will result in an overflow. The resulting value is then zero-extended to fit into the 64-bit storage allocated by sll.
To ensure that integer values used as sizes, indices, loop counters, lengths, or in other circumstances